⚠️
Why Motor Drivers are Essential
Arduino pins provide maximum 40mA at 5V. Motors typically need 500mA to several Amps
at 6V-12V or higher. Direct connection will damage your Arduino and provide insufficient power for the motor.
Always use a motor driver!
Arduino vs Motor Requirements
Popular Motor Drivers
L298N
Motors:
2 DC or 1 Stepper
Current:
Up to 2A
Voltage:
5V - 35V
Best for: Beginner projects, medium robots, 4WD cars
L293D
Motors:
2 DC motors
Current:
600mA
Voltage:
4.5V - 36V
Best for: Small robots, low current needs, compact designs
A4988
Motors:
1 Stepper
Current:
1A-2A
Voltage:
8V - 35V
Best for: 3D printers, CNC machines, microstepping
TB6612
Motors:
2 DC motors
Current:
1.2A (3.2A peak)
Voltage:
4.5V - 13.5V
Best for: Battery-powered robots, better efficiency than L293D
Wiring Best Practices
💡 5 Critical Wiring Rules
-
1
Separate Power: Use external power supply for motors. Arduino 5V pin cannot provide enough current.
-
2
Common Ground: MUST connect Arduino GND to motor driver GND. Without common ground, signals won't work.
-
3
Add Capacitors: Place 100µF capacitor across motor terminals to reduce electrical noise and protect driver.
-
4
Heat Management: Drivers get hot under load. Ensure good ventilation or add heatsinks for continuous operation.
-
5
Flyback Protection: Use diodes for back EMF protection. Most modern drivers have built-in protection.